Causes of Secondary Hypertension

 

Nonneoplastic Renal Disease

acute glomerulonephritis

thrombotic microangiopathy

cardiorenal syndrome (heart failure, etc)

chronic renal disease (nephritis, etc)

diabetic nephropathy

hemodialysis

hydronephrosis

IgA nephritis

MYH9 nephropathy

obstructive uropathy

polycystic kidney disease

post-renal transplant

radiation nephropathy

scleroderma and other autoimmune nephropathies

 

Cardiovascular Disease

aortic valvular insufficiency

aortitis

arteriovenous fistula

atherosclerosis

coarctation of the aorta

increased cardiac output

patent ductus arteriosus

renal arterial stenosis or aneurysm (renovascular), including post-traumatic

vasculitis

 

Endocrine Disorders

acromegaly

apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME)

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Cushing's Syndrome

Gordon syndrome (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II)

hyperparathyoidism

hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

hypothryoidism

Liddle Syndrome

polycystic ovary disease

primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)

familial hyperaldosteronism Type 1 (FH1, glucocorticoid suppressible hyperaldosteronism)

 

Obesity-Related

obesity

metabolic syndrome

obstructive sleep apnea

 

Drug or Chemical-Induced Hypertension

anabolic and corticosteroids including oral contraceptives

anesthetics (ketamine, desflurane)

analgesics including NSAIDS and COX-2 selective inhibitors

cyclosporine or tacrolimus

drugs of abuse including amphetamine, cocaine, ethanol, methamphetamine and nicotine

erythropoietin or darbopoetin-alfa

herbal remedies

hormones (thyroid, glucagons, growth)

licorice (liquorice)

sympathomimetic drugs including decongestants and anorexiants

toxins (heavy metals, venoms, pesticides, ergot alkaloids)

tyramine-rich food in conjunction with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor

other

 

Withdrawal or Discontinuation Syndromes

alcohol withdrawal

discontinuation of beta-blockers or other antihypertensive medications

discontinuation of centrally-acting alpha receptor agonists (clonidine, methyldopa)

 

Pregnancy-Related

pre-eclampsia

eclampsia

 

Tumor-Related

tumor producing aldosterone

tumor producing catecholamines (pheochromocytoma, carcinoid tumor, other)

tumor producing renin

 

Neurological Disorders

autonomic overactivity

baroreceptor dysfunction

Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS)

head injury

increased intracranial pressure (brain tumor, encephalitis, etc)

quadriplegia

 

Factitious Disorders

factitious thyrotoxicosis

factitious pheochromocytoma

factitious Cushing's disease

 

Miscellaneous

any acute stress

acute porphyria

anxiety disorder

autoantibody directed against the beta adrenergic receptor

high altitude

Paget's disease of bone

perioperative

severe burns

sickle cell disease (crisis, nephropathy)

thiamine deficiency (beriberi)

 

Pseudohypertension

noncompressible brachial artery (pseudohypertension of the elderly)

white coat hypertension