Secondary causes:
(1) diabetes mellitus (common cause around the world)
(2) hyperparathyroidism (often secondary to chronic kidney disease)
(3) tuberculosis
(4) schistosomiasis
(5) sexually-transmitted disease (Chlamydia, gonorrhoea)
(6) prostatitis
(7) other infection involving the seminal vesicles and vasa
(8) intraluminal calculi (microlithiasis)
(9) congenital disorders of the vasa or seminal vesicles
(10) fibrosis of the seminal vesicles and vasa
(11) cysts of the seminal vesicles
(12) invasive carcinoma (most often prostate adenocarcinoma)
(13) gonadal dysgenesis syndromes
In the absence of secondary causes then it is termed idiopathic (primary).
