A male with autoimmune orchitis may show a number of laboratory findings that can aid in the diagnosis.
Clinical presentation: orchitis or unexplained infertility
Semen analysis may show:
(1) agglutination or clumping of spermatozoa in the absence of infection
(2) less than 30% total motility
(3) poor mucus penetration in cervical mucus contact testing
(4) antibodies bound to the sperm surface (direct immunobead binding test, other)
(5) oligospermia late
Serum testing:
(1) presence of anti-sperm antibodies
(2) presence of antibodies to the basement membrane or seminiferous tubules
(3) normal or minimal change in FSH, LH and testosterone early (may develop hypogonadism late in the course)
(4) presence of autoantibodies associated with underlying autoimmune disease if secondary
Other testing:
(1) antibodies to spermatozoa in seminal fluid
