Increased blood pressure-related factors:
(1) increased arterial pressure (hypertension, coarctation of the aorta)
(2) increased venous pressure (congestive heart failure, superior vena cava syndrome, cor pulmonale)
Environmental factors:
(1) high pressure environment
(2) low pressure environment
(3) low humidity (dry)
(4) chemical irritants
Coagulation-related factors:
(1) thrombocytopenia
(2) coagulation factor defect (congenital or acquired)
(3) coumadin and/or heparin therapy
(4) aspirin or other anti-platelet medications
(5) acquired platelet dysfunction
Trauma:
(1) nosepicking
(2) blunt or penetrating trauma
(3) fracture (facial or nasal)
(4) foreign body
(5) surgery
Vascular disorders:
(1) vasculitis (Wegener's other)
(2) telangiectasia (hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia) or other vascular malformations
(3) scurvy (vascular fragility)
(4) corticosteroid therapy (vascular fragility)
Tumor-related:
(1) angioma
(2) fibroma
(3) carcinoma
(4) leukemia
Infection related - many types, including:
(1) upper respiratory viral infection
(2) measles
(3) infectious mononucleosis
(4) diphtheria
(5) typhoid fever
(6) Group A streptococcus
(7) pertussis
(8) fungal infection, including zygomycosis
Other causes:
(1) excessive coughing and/or sneezing
(2) rhinitis sicca
(3) exertion
(4) septal perforation
(5) allergic rhinitis
(6) pregnancy
(7) radiation therapy or exposure
