Risk Factors for Perioperative Stroke

Age of the patient

Gender of the patient

• hypertension?

• diabetes mellitus?

• renal insufficiency?

• smoking?

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

• peripheral vascular disease?

• ischemic heart disease?

• heart failure or systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 40%)?

• cardiac arrhythmias?

• valvular heart disease?

• stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

• atherosclerosis of ascending aorta?

• stenosis of the carotid and/or vertebral artery?

• an abrupt stoppage of antithrombotic therapy shortly before surgery?

• undergo prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass?

• undergo prolonged cross-clamping of the aorta?

• have trauma to atherosclerotic lesions in the ascending aorta or carotid arteries?

• develop cardiac arrhythmias?

• develop hypertension or hypotension?

• develop severe hyperglycemia?

• undergo prolonged general anesthesia?

• experience a release of emboli?

• developed atrial fibrillation or other arrhythmia?

• developed heart failure or systolic dysfunction?

• had an acute myocardial infarction?

• become dehydrated?

• become hypovolemic from blood loss?

• developed hyperglycemia?