Vasovagal signs and symptoms:
(1) hypotension
(2) bradycardia
(3) anxiety
(4) pallor
(5) perspiration
(6) trembling
(7) cool and clammy skin
(8) nausea
(9) rapid, irregular and/or shallow breathing
Syncope may occur suddenly within seconds of a needlestick without any warning signs. It usually occurs within the first 5 to 30 minutes after the event, but may occur several hours later.
The syncope is usually of brief duration, but may last up to 2 hours.
Seizures may occur during vasovagal syncope associated with cerebral anoxia. These may take the form of:
(1) tonic clonic seizures
(2) muscle rigidity
Prevention of injury:
(1) Attention of the health care worker to the patient's appearance and reaction before, during and after the needlestick.
(2) Pad any sharp edges in the immediate area.
(3) A person manifesting symptoms should lie down with the legs raised for up to 30 minutes. A person with a more severe reaction should be observed for a longer period.
(4) An asymptomatic person with a history suggesting needle phobia should sit for several minutes after the procedure.
(5) A person with seizure activity should have tongue protection during the episode.
