Patient selection: pediatric patient
Outcome: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, other)
Risk factors for colonization:
(1) previous antibiotic therapy (see below)
(2) previous colonization or infection with a multi-drug resistant organism
(2a) vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (odds ratio 19.2)
(2b) extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria (odds ratio 10.5)
Significant antibiotic exposures:
(1) penicillin (odds ratio 30.4)
(2) third-generation cephalosporin (odds ratio 7.3)
(3) carbapenem (odds ratio 12.7)
(4) fluoroquinolone (odds ratio 14)
(5) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (odds ratio 8.2)
Additional factors:
(1) age < 5 years
(2) underlying gastrointestinal disease
(3) history of long-term care and/or hospitalization in past year
